Author: James Caldwell
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The Articles of Confederation – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Also see the Constitutional Topics Page for this document, a comparison of the Articles and the Constitution, and a table with demographic data for the signers of the Articles. Images of the Articles are available. Contents Preamble Article I – Style Article II – States Rights Article III – Mutual defense Article IV – Laws…
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The Report of the Annapolis Conference – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
The Report of the Annapolis Conference In September 1786, a conference was called in Annapolis, Maryland to discuss the state of commerce in the fledgling nation. The national government had no authority to regulate trade between and among the states. The conference was called to discuss ways to facilitate commerce and establish standard rules and…
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The Albany Plan – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
The Albany Plan In late 1753, the London Board of Trade wrote to New York Governor James DeLancey. The Board supervised provincial affairs in the Americas. It was concerned about the French courting of the Iroquois (the Six Nations) and with the actions of some colonies which were antagonizing the Indians. Fearing that the Indians…
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The Administration of Justice Act – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
The Administration of Justice Act Advertisement Worried by the courts that convened in America and in Massachusetts in particular, and their bias toward the colonists over their British governors, on May 20, 1774, the Parliament passed the Administration of Justice Act. It provided that the governor of Massachusetts had the authority to remove any trial…
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U.S. Constitution – Preamble – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Preamble The Preamble <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain…
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U.S. Constitution – Signatories – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Signatories Signatories <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth. In Witness…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 7 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 7 Article 7 – Ratification <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same. Notes for this article: Ratification Documents Ratification Dates and Votes FAQ: Are new states required…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 6 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 6 Article 6 – Debts, Supremacy, Oaths <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 5 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 5 Article 5 – Amendment <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments,…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 4 Section 4 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 4 Section 4 Article 4 – The States Section 4 – Republican Government <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 4 Section 3 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 4 Section 3 Article 4 – The States Section 3 – New States <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 4 Section 2 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 4 Section 2 Article 4 – The States Section 2 – State Citizens, Extradition <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 4 Section 1 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 4 Section 1 Article 4 – The States Section 1 – Each State to Honor all Others <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 3 Section 3 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 3 Section 3 Article 3 – The Judicial Branch Section 3 – Treason <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 3 Section 2 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 3 Section 2 Article 3 – The Judicial Branch Section 2 – Trial by Jury, Original Jurisdiction, Jury Trials <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> (The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made,…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 3 Section 1 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 3 Section 1 Article 3 – The Judicial Branch Section 1 – Judicial Powers <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 2 Section 4 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 2 Section 4 Article 2 – The Executive Branch Section 4 – Disqualification <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 2 Section 3 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 2 Section 3 Article 2 – The Executive Branch Section 3 – State of the Union, Convening Congress <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 2 Section 2 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 2 Section 2 Article 2 – The Executive Branch Section 2 – Civilian Power Over Military, Cabinet, Pardon Power, Appointments <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States,…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 2 Section 1 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 2 Section 1 Article 2 – The Executive Branch Section 1 – The President <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 9 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 9 Article 1 – The Legislative Branch Section 9 – Limits on Congress <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 8 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 8 Article 1 – The Legislative Branch Section 8 – Powers of Congress <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 7 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 7 Article 1 – The Legislative Branch Section 7 – Revenue Bills, Legislative Process, Presidential Veto <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> All bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. Every…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 6 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 6 Article 1 – The Legislative Branch Section 6 – Compensation <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> (The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States.) (The preceding words in parentheses…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 5 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 5 Article 1 – The Legislative Branch Section 5 – Membership, Rules, Journals, Adjournment <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business;…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 4 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 4 Article 1 – The Legislative Branch Section 4 – Elections, Meetings <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 3 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 3 Article 1 – The Legislative Branch Section 3 – The Senate <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, (chosen by the Legislature thereof,) (The preceding words in parentheses superseded by the 17th Amendment,…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 2 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 2 Article 1 – The Legislative Branch Section 2 – The House <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 10 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 10 Article 1 – The Legislative Branch Section 10 – Powers Prohibited of States <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and…
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U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 1 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Article 1 Section 1 Article 1 – The Legislative Branch Section 1 – The Legislature <<Back | Table of Contents | Next>> All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Notes for this section: Separation…
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U.S. Constitution – Table of Contents – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
U.S. Constitution – Table of Contents Today’s special event: On July 25, 1866, Ulysses S. Grant was appointed General of the Army, the first person to hold that rank.On July 25, 1868, Wyoming officially became a U.S. territory. Commemorate the day by reading your Constitution. The Constitution is presented in several ways on this site.…
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James Wilson’s 4th of July Address – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
James Wilson’s 4th of July Address James Wilson came to America from Scotland in 1765 and quickly learned the law and began to practice in Pennsylvania. By the time of the Revolution, he was well-known and trusted, and was elected to represent Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress. After the Revolution, he increased his personal wealth…
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The Virginia Declaration of Rights – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
The Virginia Declaration of Rights Advertisement After the Committee of Style finished with the final draft of the Constitution at the Constitutional Convention, George Mason stood up and noted that the new Constitution contained no declaration of the rights of the people, a glaring error in his view. Elbridge Gerry seconded Mason’s motion to convene…
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Virginia Joint Resolution 728 – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Virginia Joint Resolution 728 Advertisement In the 1850 census, Virginia listed 472,528 slaves within its borders, the most of any state in the United States. Slavery was the backbone of the state’s economy, as it was in most of the other Southern agrarian states, states that would eventually split off from the Unites States to…
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Treaty Between the United States and Tripoli – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Treaty Between the United States and Tripoli It is not often that an obscure treaty from the late 18th century becomes a touch point in a 21st century philosophical debate, but such is the case with the 1796 treaty between the United States and Tripoli. At issue is not the treaty itself — it exists…
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Letter of Transmittal – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Letter of Transmittal The Convention, upon completing its work on the Constitution, wrote a letter to the Congress. The letter, known as The Letter of Transmittal, laid out for Congress that which the Convention felt should happen next: that the Constitution should be presented to the states and that each state should ratify the Constitution…
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Issue Guide for “The Court” – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Issue Guide for “The Court” Advertisement Note: As of the third episode, The Court has been placed on hiatus. The Issue Guide will be updated if any further episodes air. The Court is a television show that airs on the ABC television network. It began airing in March, 2002. This page is not an episode…
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The United States Constitution – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
The United States Constitution Today’s special event: March 16, 1751, is President James Madison‘s birthday. Advertisement The Constitution is presented in several ways on this site. This page presents the Constitution on one large HTML-enhanced page. Other pages present the Constitution as a series of individual pages, in plain text, in standard Palm DOC format,…
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State Ratification Grid – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
State Ratification Grid This page presents a table showing each state on the vertical axis and each constitutional amendment on the horizontal axis. This chart will allow you to quickly see if your state ratified any one amendment or group of amendments. For ratification dates, see the Ratification Page. Colored cells with an “R” inside…
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The Declaration of Rights (Stamp Act) – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
The Declaration of Rights (Stamp Act) Advertisement In 1764, the British Parliament passed the Sugar Act, which placed tariffs on sugar, coffee, and other goods imported into the New World. These taxes increased the burden on ordinary citizens at a time of recession in America. It was thought that the Sugar Act would give rise…
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The Declaration of Sentiments – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
The Declaration of Sentiments In 1840, Lucretia Mott attended the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London, England. Mott, a Quaker minister, was a strong abolitionist. She and the Hicksite Quakers refused to use materials produced with slave labor, including cotton and cane sugar. She worked as a teacher and at her school, met her husband, James…
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Savoy’s 20 Questions with Steve Mount – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Savoy’s 20 Questions with Steve Mount Advertisement [Editor’s note: this interview with the Webmaster of this site appeared in the online magazine Savoy in its December, 1998 edition. Savoy is now defunct. This page is a reproduction of that interview. The original is no longer avaliable on the Internet, so far as I can tell.]…
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Ratification Dates and Votes – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Ratification Dates and Votes Advertisement Each of the original thirteen states in the United States was invited to ratify the Constitution created in Philadelphia in 1787. The Constitution specified that nine ratifications would be sufficient to consider the Constitution accepted. Some states ratified quickly, others had to hold several conventions to accept the Constitution —…
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Vermont’s Ratification – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Vermont’s Ratification Advertisement Vermont was admitted to the United States on March 4, 1791. On February 9, 1791, the Congress received the state’s transmission to Congress its intent to hold a convention for the purposes of ratifying the United States Constitution and the results of that convention. The notice and the ratification announcement of the…
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Virginia’s Ratification – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Virginia’s Ratification Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Virginia, June 26, 1788. Virginia ratified the Constitution in two steps. The first was the declaration of ratification. The second was a recommendation that a bill of rights be added to the Constitution, and that a list of amendments also be added in accordance with…
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South Carolina’s Ratification – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
South Carolina’s Ratification Ratification of the Constitution by the State of South Carolina, May 23, 1788. South Carolina was the eighth state to do so. South Carolina’s ratification message included several small suggested changes to the Constitution, including one to say “no other religious test” rather than “no religious test” in Article 6, an indication…
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Rhode Island’s Ratification – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Rhode Island’s Ratification Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Rhode Island, May 29, 1790. Rhode Island was the thirteenth state to do so. Rhode Island’s ratification message is lengthy, with a list similar to that of New York’s, listing a bill of rights and listing several proposed amendments. Most of the amendments were…
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Pennsylvania’s Ratification – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Pennsylvania’s Ratification Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787. Pennsylvania was the second state to do so. Pennsylvania’s ratification message was short and to the point. The following text is taken from the Library of Congress’s copy of Elliot’s Debates. In the Name of the People of Pennsylvania. Be it…
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New York’s Ratification – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
New York’s Ratification Ratification of the Constitution by the State of New York, July 26, 1788. New York was the eleventh state to do so. The assent of Virginia and of New York was seen as essential to the success of the Constitution, and though they were tenth and eleventh to ratify, it is generally…
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New Jersey’s Ratification – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
New Jersey’s Ratification Advertisement Ratification of the Constitution by the State of New Jersey, December 18, 1787. New Jersey was the third state to do so. New Jersey’s ratification message included several paragraphs describing the Constitutional Convention and several more of technical legal phrasing that described when the state legislature met to discuss the ratification…
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New Hampshire’s Ratification – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
New Hampshire’s Ratification Ratification of the Constitution by the State of New Hampshire, June 21, 1788. New Hampshire was the ninth state to do so, and with its ratification, the Constitution was officially in effect. New Hampshire’s ratification message included several suggested changes to the Constitution, including one which would said “Congress shall never disarm…
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North Carolina’s Ratification – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
North Carolina’s Ratification Advertisement Ratification of the Constitution by the State of North Carolina, November 21, 1789. North Carolina was the twelfth state to do so. North Carolina held a ratification convention in 1788, convening on July 21 and adjourning on August 4. At that convention, the convention drafted a “Declaration of Rights” and a…
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Maryland’s Ratification – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Maryland’s Ratification Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Maryland, April 28, 1788. Maryland was the seventh state to do so. Maryland’s ratification message was very short and to the point. The following text is taken from the Library of Congress’s copy of Elliot’s Debates. In Convention of the Delegates of the People of…
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Massachusetts’s Ratification – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Massachusetts’s Ratification Advertisement Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Massachusetts, February 6, 1788. Massachusetts was the sixth state to do so. Massachusetts’s ratification message was the first to include a list of desired changes to the Constitution, some of which were to protect states and some of which were to protect individuals. The…
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Georgia’s Ratification – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Georgia’s Ratification Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Georgia, January 2, 1788. Georgia was the fourth state to do so. Georgia’s ratification message was short and to the point. The following text is taken from the Library of Congress’s copy of Elliot’s Debates. In Convention, Wednesday, January 2d, 1788. To all to whom…
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Delaware’s Ratification – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Delaware’s Ratification Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Delaware, December 7, 1787. Delaware was the first state to ratify the Constitution. Delaware’s ratification message was short and to the point. The following text is taken from the Library of Congress’s copy of Elliot’s Debates. We, the deputies of the people of the Delaware…
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Connecticut’s Ratification – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Connecticut’s Ratification Advertisement Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Connecticut, January 9, 1788. Connecticut was the fifth state to do so. Connecticut’s ratification message was short and to the point. The following text is taken from the Library of Congress’s copy of Elliot’s Debates. In the Name of the People of the State…
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The Quebec Act – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
The Quebec Act Following the British victory over France in the Seven Years’ War, the territories of France in northern North America, known as Canada, were granted to Britain in the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The British renamed the territory Quebec. The British Parliament passed the Quebec Act on October 7, 1774, in an…
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The Quartering Act – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
The Quartering Act Advertisement In 1765, Parliament passed a quartering act that stated that British troops in America would be housed in barracks and in public houses unless and until the number of troops overwhelmed the facilities, at which time, the troops could be housed in private commercial property, such as inns and stables, and…
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Washington’s Letter – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
Washington’s Letter In addition to the official Letter of Transmittal that accompanied the freshly signed Constitution, the President of the Convention, George Washington, wrote his own personal letter to the President of Congress, Arthur St. Clair. The text of this letter can be found in the The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (Farrand’s…